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漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

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见习秘书  发表于 2015-1-5 13:23:16 |阅读模式 打印 上一主题 下一主题
 
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D* N% i' E! V9 b" R$ bmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, 7 }. K. q, ^' ]' b) x5 \宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, $ c3 c3 z. Q o/ r" g* u. ?% ^font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 y7 _/ e5 [* T. p3 I6 x"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, % n, K# T% K$ \9 \' U 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,0 R p$ M8 v3 xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + j3 F. u0 B& f"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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2 G0 S6 T! a C) E7 x5 b mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 8 k' o, W) d, `6 x: S 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, 7 R& C; z) ~% J( ^- k2 tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * Q9 m9 Y4 U6 r$ G4 k- ~; @0 z1 W"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, ( i; |! j$ b3 l9 q7 ?: F& x$ n1 j8 M7 D+ o% F2 a9 _% d7 z" ` mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, . z; S4 ]* t% h9 P宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, . B! R/ f- Y" B* N font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ n2 F: q% a; _! j"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, . G8 W( B4 G0 mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, 2 a* O1 t( j/ w. ~$ y4 z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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6 f5 ?+ k9 q" f( }& j1 \( a宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,. \" {& S3 ]5 f a$ C! {& h ! ?& h C# U- W1 g5 r$ H font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:# ^6 K- D% C5 P5 ]/ | "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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$ ], L9 `( k3 m mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, & _( L. a9 M* f( o& @宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ / [. M* n+ G' D2 x宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” # x2 ?; g5 d: z6 h) [ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ ' q9 h! M$ c' Z! R) c$ f宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” / k& H j- I& ]8 T+ s宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, . Q# S0 q9 j: s font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , x! D9 M' g: _8 \"Times New Roman"">前者为因, 5 h; M% q: j4 K5 J. g5 h4 ` mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, 7 a2 D3 {9 x% x5 x font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; `7 w- `9 a5 ^! g; m& M" Q/ p"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, ) u P- F4 ?& {3 W4 ~& m# t# M0 ?& \# F! { mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, 2 q0 L0 a- G, M宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, 0 I H( b, C- `: c9 u. D4 Z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& N' p. I0 V n0 o7 f "Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, ' K6 `) l1 \0 w) u, z 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: . L5 P' d6 \$ }* P7 D1 f( r- ]& r font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) _; r: c% T0 `"Times New Roman"">“ P4 G% | N0 m# z0 I% n/ b) Q mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? . V5 y& t p" ` 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” ! G4 w5 C& K% j8 N2 u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, * k$ Z- z% Y1 `1 u: \: A font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 r3 o z/ G9 |6 B"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:8 m8 Q2 ?9 U' z1 N+ ^+ } $ Q6 j$ s9 H* J2 [ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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* w9 F( a4 e" d4 z7 o; V/ |mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 9 P) |5 h/ m* F% o4 M 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, 4 @) T" \+ t+ s' z/ u% X font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) u! E* O! F6 ?4 G2 ^9 F9 ~4 a/ K"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, " _% C, Q6 O' v' Y: @7 r* l0 x" M- Y& n6 m* j. C: e mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, " v0 U+ U T! J' ?; d/ h font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * S% y: l/ H5 ?+ {( t6 G/ r"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, - n* _+ G0 K. C8 d9 ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 / ^' o9 r2 j( C mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里7 K4 b; |! H6 Y1 t mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 * q, ^3 N1 a8 q" R$ m- Lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(3 z/ `/ E& s, B; }/ l; f 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), . T' f& O) }+ k# |. O) r! k font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * I0 E+ I: ?' U6 C9 z8 x/ L0 O"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用8 c* C1 k* I7 F! L7 n D# @9 E12.0pt">, 6 X' |9 j9 m& H7 \" w1 b, E"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, 6 F+ [- n: F* R9 O0 U" ~ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ s6 y" ^2 ~; e1 f& N- t, d5 s7 k "Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, # O( c) R- C: Umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!4 R: W6 O0 }# B1 K$ V, G宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, . X, Q& r. Z& ] Z O font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 b F9 ~+ v* @5 ?1 X"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: : {' v8 ^, _/ e% ~/ Y% O4 E* }mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, % Q- u- I7 d1 b) |0 F# P$ L7 L2 m 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, : c+ _4 x' I' g! C; }6 e/ K font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 w2 e8 c! e3 L& g, {' M; @ "Times New Roman"">“ + D* n; G9 ?7 w4 s% \% U, U% ~/ v mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”" j9 v4 b' O+ J; @" O u" k12.0pt"> % U( `6 c9 x: H"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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* U8 s. f K: k0 t' a; o mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, / m& g) |9 a0 |/ U+ T, n1 y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, 3 C- d: t) _# x) x$ |' r- ~ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . r6 O$ J! D. o; q* Y5 V( m"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, : f: n* d9 ~) T; X% Q' {mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 9 ?# N. q: T, r 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, 7 _. @' X8 M! U font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 ~) x8 D- n' j; N# L+ G "Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ {, e7 P+ [2 A3 ? mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” ) D( k* y9 O/ L% v- n7 ^4 ` 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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2 O+ x2 _& b' \/ ]" B0 v宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, - p2 A* @) V; S- z+ n2 d' r( H+ P* E3 }7 ?% }2 ^# p" ^font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ A( |: T$ `% G. p"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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, C" A* T/ H8 \- p0 S- o+ d mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, # @, A% X8 f1 k* d% |2 s 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, ! B4 a, O" l2 n6 O3 E( S3 K# gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:; Z' }4 m2 J% o. `1 V "Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, n h9 Y! m3 }( @/ z1 M& D: U( x8 r2 gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, 2 S+ c }" E- l6 G) ~" v- _ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:; J) C: O4 k9 V3 l "Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章," _4 I9 M9 d" J. r+ N宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, " b! Y! c0 W& z& b! E+ r# Dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 R5 l& E- I) Z; q0 j+ U7 v"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题9 k7 Q# E, H& r5 {( u6 S6 g 12.0pt">: 9 G# ^ [7 y( ~# C; H' Q' f9 n"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: 8 K- V# T9 o+ j* k0 `8 W$ xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:! | [+ K1 c# \% }0 J, r "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才. F- d+ f, t1 _* r! b# l$ I. u$ T 12.0pt">, & b8 S A8 v. ?6 } "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, 8 ~+ P4 X: Q( u. G& J" {- B font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 ^4 [5 j4 d" B; P, P P"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; ( D7 p4 ~4 s1 i9 R, V+ b. B mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, / ^$ q4 Q; \# m4 z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 9 \& e! ~4 `) z7 q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ x2 x9 Z' N& V "Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题- C8 K0 k1 B2 p: m2 Z" r; X8 N a12.0pt">; 6 B6 Z6 k ?& C+ e$ ?0 y; g "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, u. T$ @4 s" s6 d% M font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : F( v* L& }0 m" O"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求# ^% o. \7 ~- h: T5 s& q' B12.0pt">: 0 v: R! |# m# ]) O6 ~"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; T" k- z9 N3 h8 P2 }) C$ e! Wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: F' A8 K6 v( h0 u "Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, * q- v) W/ }' p! j6 K mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, $ U3 E, i1 ~: R& ]* o font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . [/ P8 N' b0 f, y"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统; H" A# H% y! G! l 12.0pt">:

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: s: _6 M8 r; o6 t! \ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ ' ^2 f1 r# G6 f+ R# C/ t4 U& S: ^ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” ( `) |. T$ K* l6 j+ c 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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$ B( x) P! K6 w% t3 g宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, ' k2 U2 g- H, `, O% Y0 T5 O5 a" z2 Q. F9 b3 j% P" r+ P+ Z- ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " t# m V2 B8 j2 C: m* f2 |# z! x"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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' S2 d! I# ?2 n8 k. n; f. \" Vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, . j/ W5 e" b0 j F% \% g" lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 x% B5 L# @3 ~ O"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, ' e& O, |1 A3 i6 e7 E7 q& L 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, $ Z, q5 u( n* O7 B; h) {* b3 b( m) c2 h font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:" J' C" H. M5 b "Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,; u+ x) |6 r3 ?+ K1 F6 L( U! ~ 7 [/ R: ]; l$ z4 Z4 | mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, 5 w% O& U. Z* \font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & n i+ l: M: S" G- \. @8 F"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, K5 A4 w) [+ m8 T z; I1 d mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, * T7 ]+ n3 v; g宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: . } ~5 l }# L font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ [4 Q9 L3 r. O2 M+ D6 Y! X "Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, 8 K* k$ I% A1 I u1 g- jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, # h3 ~8 I. A _4 `( ^ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 z2 q. D, f) H0 }$ s. k9 G"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 7 `4 E9 c& O) T5 \# J5 p$ T. Z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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|/ J2 f" y, L2 n( S4 Q; p, i' Cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,! a5 f; ~# C% D4 T font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:* a9 C$ _3 B& t& e8 [ "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定2 h3 n& G4 d4 W5 I& Q+ m# U. c 12.0pt">, 7 E8 r9 F; H% \* T, e"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, " b1 T& v0 B$ u! k; x/ u font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 i. L3 a/ Q* w% b! |"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:" I' g& H' h0 ~1 jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, 0 p8 z/ y4 D* ^宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, 2 q; ?* x; H+ v9 b0 c& l1 sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 U# K9 x3 `4 k$ T"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, . ~; L' d6 {6 y3 Xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, ! N. D! j' o, E% m" T' ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ ]) Q* d# g+ k+ z3 b9 i1 W "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: 6 d/ T, w' j& ^7 E+ B6 K- F4 x 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ 9 h# k6 W5 a; Q. H- m0 C( Z, p 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, & R% \" w9 P1 Y0 g: L font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . O- h+ w9 S; w# ]+ e; s"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊

 
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